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The aim of this study is to synthesize phenethyl-conjugated chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) (reduced as ChitoPEITC) conjugates and then fabricate chlorin E6 (Ce6)-incorporated nanophotosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of HCT-116 colon carcinoma cubicles. PEITC was conjugated with the amine group of COS. Ce6-comprised nanophotosensitizers using ChitoPEITC (ChitoPEITC nanophotosensitizers) were fabricated by dialysis method. (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra established that specific summits of COS and PEITC were observed at ChitoPEITC conjugates. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) substantiated that ChitoPEITC nanophotosensitizers have spherical fleshs with small hydrodynamic diams less than 200 nm. Order now in the ChitoPEITC copolymer leaded in a slower release rate of Ce6 from nanophotosensitizers the higher Ce6 messages leaved in a slower release rate of Ce6. In cell culture study, ChitoPEITC nanophotosensitizers shewed low toxicity against normal CCD986Sk human skin fibroblast cellphones and HCT-116 human colon carcinoma cubicles in the absence of light irradiation. ChitoPEITC nanophotosensitizers showed a significantly higher Ce6 uptake ratio than that of free Ce6. Under light irradiation, cellular reactive oxygen coinages (ROS) production of nanophotosensitizers was significantly higher than that of free Ce6 PEITC and/or ChitoPEITC themselves leaded to the production of cellular ROS regardless of light irradiation. ChitoPEITC nanophotosensitizers readed significantly higher PDT efficacy against HCT-116 cells than that of free Ce6. These solutions indicate that ChitoPEITC nanophotosensitizers have superior potential in Ce6 uptake, ROS production and PDT efficacy. In the HCT-116 cell-standing mice tumor-xenograft model, ChitoPEITC nanophotosensitizers efficiently suppressed growth of tumor volume rather than free Ce6. In the animal imaging study, ChitoPEITC nanophotosensitizers were concentrated in the tumor tissue, i. e., fluorescence intensity in the tumor tissue was stronger than that of other tissues. We suggest that ChitoPEITC nanophotosensitizers are a promising candidate for the treatment of human colon cancer cadres.A Top-Down Procedure for Synthesizing Calcium Carbonate-Enriched Chitosan from Shrimp Shell Wastes.Chitosan is used in medicine, pharmaceutics, cosmetics, agriculture, water treatment, and food due to its superior biocompatibility and biodegradability. Nevertheless, the complex and relatively expensive extraction costs hamper its exploitation and, implicitly, the recycling of marine waste, the most abundant source of chitosan. In Snag it now of explicating environmental-friendly and cost-effective routines, the present study describes one method worth consideration to deliver calcium-carbonate-enriched chitosan from shrimp shell waste, which proposes to maintain the native minerals in the structure of chitin in order to improve the thermal stability and processability of chitosan. Therefore, a synthesis protocol was growed begining from an optimised deacetylation procedure utilising commercial chitin. The ultimate chitosan product from shrimp cuticles, carrying native calcium carbonate, was further compared to commercial chitosan and chitosan synthesised from commercial chitin the gathered data during the study pointed out that the prospected method followed in delivering calcium-carbonate-enriched chitosan with high deacetylation degree (approximately 75%), low molecular weight (Mn ≈ 10 g/ mol), a crystallinity above 59 beted in the (020) plane, high thermal stability (maximum decomposition temperature over 300 °C), and constant viscosity on a wide range of share paces (quasi-Newtonian behavior), becoming a viable candidate for future chitosan-based materials that can expand the application horizon.Fishery waste valorization: Sulfated ZrO(2) as a heterogeneous catalyst for chitin and chitosan depolymerization.Chitin and chitosan are abundant unique reservoirs of biologically-fastened nitrogen mainly comed from residuals of the fishery productive chain. Their high potential as nitrogen-based highly imparted-value platform atoms is still largely unexploited and a catalytic way for their valorization would be strongly desirable within a biorefinery concept.